WESLEY, Circuit Judge:
Defining the precise class to which Argentina owes damages for its refusal to meet its bond payment obligations and calculating those damages have proven to be exasperating tasks. In this, the fourth time this Court has addressed the methods by which damages must be calculated and the manner in which the class is defined in this case and several similar matters, see Seijas v. Republic of Argentina (Seijas I), 606 F.3d 53 (2d Cir.2010); Hickory Sec., Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina (Seijas II), 493 Fed.Appx. 156 (2d Cir.2012) (summary order); Puricelli v. Republic of Argentina (Seijas III), 797 F.3d 213 (2d Cir.2015), we again must vacate the District Court's order and remand for specific proceedings.
By now, the factual background of these cases is all too familiar. After Argentina defaulted on between $80 and $100 billion of sovereign debt in 2001, see Seijas I, 606 F.3d at 55, numerous bondholders, including Appellee here and those in the related Seijas cases, filed suit. In Appellee's suit, the District Court entered an order on May 29, 2009, that certified a class under a continuous holder requirement, i.e., the class contained only those individuals who, like Appellee, possessed beneficial interests in a particular bond series issued by the Republic of Argentina from the date of the complaint—December 19, 2006—through the date of final judgment in the District Court. Cf. Seijas I, 606 F.3d at 56 (same requirement in class definition). In earlier cases, the Republic had argued that secondary trading on the market made the classes "too fluid" to satisfy the requirements of Rule 23; the District Court rejected this argument in part because of the continuous holder definition. See H.W. Urban GmbH v. Republic of Argentina, No. 02 Civ. 5699(TPG), 2004 WL 307293, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 17, 2004).
The Republic's liability has not been seriously contested in this litigation. See Brecher v. Republic of Argentina, No. 06 Civ. 15297(TPG), 2010 WL 3584001, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 14, 2010). After this Court held in Seijas I and II that the District Court's method of calculating damages was inflated and remanded with instructions to conduct an evidentiary hearing, see Seijas I, 606 F.3d at 58-59; Seijas II, 493 Fed.Appx. at 160, the District Court entered an order in this case granting summary judgment to the Appellee on liability but denying summary judgment on damages in order to hold a similar evidentiary hearing. Order, Brecher v. Republic of Argentina, No. 06 Civ. 15297(TPG) (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 30, 2012), ECF No. 70. In place of the hearing, however, the Appellee in this case offered the District Court an alternative solution to its difficulties in assessing damages—simply modifying the class definition by removing the continuous holder requirement and expanding the class to all holders of beneficial interests in the relevant bond series without limitation as to time held. Despite the fact that a judgment on the merits had already been issued, the District Court granted the motion. Argentina promptly sought leave to appeal under Rule 23(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and on November 25, 2014, a panel of this Court granted leave to appeal.
DISCUSSION
We review a district court's class certification rulings for abuse of discretion, but we review de novo its conclusions of law informing that decision. In re Pub. Offerings Secs. Litig., 471 F.3d 24, 32 (2d Cir.2006). The District Court below neither articulated a standard for ascertainability of its new class nor made any specific finding under such a standard. Absent that analysis, we must determine whether the District Court's ultimate decision to modify the class "rests on an error of law... [or] cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions." Parker v. Time Warner Entm't Co., 331 F.3d 13, 18 (2d Cir.2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). The District Court's decision rests upon an error of law as to ascertainability; the resulting class definition cannot be located within the range of permissible options.
Like our sister Circuits, we have recognized an "implied requirement of ascertainability" in Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In re Pub. Offerings Secs. Litig., 471 F.3d at 30; accord, e.g., Marcus v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 687 F.3d 583, 592-93 (3d Cir.2012); DeBremaecker v. Short, 433 F.2d 733, 734 (5th Cir.1970). While we have noted this requirement is distinct from predominance, see In re Pub. Offerings Secs. Litig., 471 F.3d at 45, we have not further defined its content. We here clarify that the touchstone of ascertainability is whether the class is "sufficiently definite so that it is administratively feasible for the court to determine whether a particular individual is a member." 7A CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE & PROCEDURE § 1760 (3d ed.1998); see also Weiner v. Snapple Beverage Corp., No. 07 Civ. 8742(DLC), 2010 WL 3119452, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 5, 2010) (a class must be "readily identifiable, such that the court can determine who is in the class and, thus, bound by the ruling" (internal quotation marks omitted)). "A class is ascertainable when defined by objective criteria that are administratively feasible and when identifying its members would not require a mini-hearing on the merits of each case." Charron v. Pinnacle Grp. N.Y. LLC, 269 F.R.D. 221, 229 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
On appeal, Appellee argues that a class defined by "reference to objective criteria ... is all that is required" to satisfy ascertainability. Appellee Br. 19. We are not persuaded. While objective criteria may be necessary to define an ascertainable class, it cannot be the case that any objective criterion will do.1 A class defined as "those wearing blue shirts," while objective, could hardly be called sufficiently definite and readily identifiable; it has no limitation on time or context, and the ever-changing composition of the membership would make determining the identity of those wearing blue shirts impossible. In short, the use of objective criteria cannot alone determine ascertainability when those criteria, taken together, do not establish the definite boundaries of a readily identifiable class.2
This case presents just such a circumstance where an objective standasrd—owning a beneficial interest in a bond series without reference to time owned3—is insufficiently definite to allow ready identification of the class or the persons who will be bound by the judgment. See Weiner, 2010 WL 3119452, at *12. The secondary market for Argentine bonds is active and has continued trading after the commencement of this and other lawsuits. See NML Capital Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 699 F.3d 246, 251 (2d Cir.2012); Seijas II, 493 Fed.Appx. at 160. Without a defined class period or temporal limitation, such as the continuous holder requirement, the nature of the beneficial interest itself and the difficulty of establishing a particular interest's provenance in the particular circumstances of this case make the objective criterion used here inadequate. Cf. Bakalar v. Vavra, 237 F.R.D. 59, 65-66 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (necessity of individualized inquiries into provenance of artwork made class insufficiently "precise, objective and presently ascertainable" (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Appellee argues that the class here is comparable to those cases involving gift cards, which are fully transferable instruments. However, gift cards are qualitatively different: For example, they exist in a physical form and possess a unique serial number. By contrast, an individual holding a beneficial interest in Argentina's bond series possesses a right to the benefit of the bond but does not hold the physical bond itself. Thus, trading on the second-ary market changes only to whom the benefit enures. Further, all bonds from the same series have the same trading number identifier (called a CUSIP/ISIN), making it practically impossible to trace purchases and sales of a particular beneficial interest. Thus, when it becomes necessary to determine who holds bonds that fall inside (or outside) of the class, it will be nearly impossible to distinguish between them once traded on the secondary market without a criterion as to time held. See Ebin v. Kangadis Food Inc., 297 F.R.D. 561, 567 (S.D.N.Y.2014) (observing that ascertainability requirement "prevent[s] the certification of a class whose membership is truly indeterminable" (internal quotation marks omitted)).
A hypothetical illustrates this problem. Two bondholders—A and B—each hold beneficial interests in $50,000 of bonds. A opts out of the class, while B remains in the class. Following a grant of summary judgment on liability, both A and B then sell their interests on the secondary market to a third party, C. C now holds a beneficial interest in $100,000 of bonds, half inside the class and half outside the class. If C then sells a beneficial interest in $25,000 of bonds to a fourth party, D, the absence of a temporal limitation like the continuous holder requirement ensures that neither the purchaser nor the court can ascertain whether D's beneficial interest falls inside or outside of the class.4 Even if there were a method by which the beneficial interests could be traced, determining class membership would require the kind of individualized mini-hearings that run contrary to the principle of ascertainability. See Charron, 269 F.R.D. at 229; Bakalar, 237 F.R.D. at 64-66.
The lack of a defined class period, taken in light of the unique features of the bonds in this case, thus makes the modified class insufficiently definite as a matter of law. The expansion of the class after a judgment on liability further raises the specter of one-way intervention that motivated the 1966 amendments to Rule 23. See Am. Pipe & Constr. Co. v. Utah, 414 U.S. 538, 547, 94 S.Ct. 756, 38 L.Ed.2d 713 (1974) ("The 1966 amendments were designed, in part, specifically to mend this perceived defect in the former Rule and to assure that members of the class would be identified before trial on the merits and would be bound by all subsequent orders and judgments."); see also Amati v. City of Woodstock, 176 F.3d 952, 957 (7th Cir. 1999) ("The rule bars potential class members from waiting on the sidelines to see how the lawsuit turns out and, if a judgment for the class is entered, intervening to take advantage of the judgment."). Although the class as originally defined by the District Court may have presented difficult questions of calculating damages, it did not suffer from a lack of ascertainability. The District Court erred in attempting to address those questions by introducing such a defect into the class definition, after liability had already been determined.
There remains the question of determining damages on remand. Given that Appellee here is identically situated to the Seijas plaintiffs and this Court has already addressed the requirements for determining damages in those cases, we conclude that the District Court should apply the same process dictated by Seijas II for calculating the appropriate damages:
Specifically, it shall: (1) consider evidence with respect to the volume of bonds purchased in the secondary market after the start of the class periods that were not tendered in the debt exchange offers or are currently held by opt-out parties or litigants in other proceedings; (2) make findings as to a reasonably accurate, non-speculative estimate of that volume based on the evidence provided by the parties; (3) account for such volume in any subsequent damage calculation such that an aggregate damage award would "roughly reflect" the loss to each class, see Seijas I, 606 F.3d at 58-59; and (4) if no reasonably accurate, non-speculative estimate can be made, then determine how to proceed with awarding damages on an individual basis. Ultimately, if an aggregate approach cannot produce a reasonable approximation of the actual loss, the district court must adopt an individualized approach.
493 Fed.Appx. at 160; see also Seijas III, 797 F.3d at 218-19 (repeating instructions). The hearing will ensure that damages do not "enlarge[] plaintiffs' rights by allowing them to encumber property to which they have no colorable claim." Seijas I, 606 F.3d at 59.
CONCLUSION
Because we conclude the District Court's order violated the requirement of ascertainability contained in Rule 23, it is not necessary for us to reach the remaining issues raised by Appellant. Therefore, for the reasons stated above, the order of the District Court is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for an evidentiary hearing on damages.
